German language

German is mainly spoken in central europe.German is a Germanic language, part of the West Germanic sub-branch, and is spoken by around 110 million native speakers worldwide, of whom most live in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and Luxembourg.

German Sprachraum refers to the Central Europe German-speaking area, which includes Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein. It is also an official language in South Tyrol (Italy), Belgium and Luxembourg, and a minority language in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech Republic,Denmark,Hungary,Poland,Romania,and Namibia.

The Longest Word in german is famous for its extensive use of long words. So long that the longest German word is now obsolete: Rindfleischetikettierungsüberwachungsaufgabenübertragungsgesetz, meaning “the law concerning the delegation of duties for the supervision of cattle marking and the labeling of beef” 

German can be found all over the world

 and it is the 11th most widely spoken language in the world, with about 1.4% of the population being German-speaking. Mandarin takes first place and English comes in third

Some of the English words are also used as German languages

Like English and Dutch, German forms part of the West Germanic languages. When English speakers learn German, they will have the consolation of finding a lot of words that are similar in both languages. Be careful though, there are some tricky words that look and sound the same but have totally different meanings. The German word ‘gift’ for example, means poison, nothing like the present or blessing it is used to describe in English.

All nouns are capitalised

If you ever pick up a German newspaper, you might be confused to see large bodies of texts permeated by long words written in capital letters. That’s because all nouns in German are written with capital letters 

Because in english,only proper nouns like people's names of countries and cities are capitalised.In German every single noun of capitalised.

German is the ‘language of the writers and thinkers’ german has often been referred to as the language of the Dichter und Denker or the writers and thinkers. For example, the great Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – author of the epic Faust – is considered one of Germany’s greatest national treasures.



The 26 standard letters of the alphabet, the German language has three vowels with umlauts (Ä/ä, Ö/ö, and Ü/ü) and the special character ß (a distinct kind of ‘s’, called ‘Eszett’ or ‘scharfes Es’ — sharp S in translation).

German has a long standing history as a noteworthy language of culture, philosophy, theology, and economy in Europe and overseas. Throughout the passing of time, it had also influenced some of the languages with which it entered in contact, such as Czech, Polish, French, Italian, Hungarian, or Romanian.

German is inflected language with four cases for nouns,pronoun and adjectives (nominative,accusative,genitive,dative),three genders (masculine-der,feminine-die,neuter-das),2 numbers(singular,plural)

                                                 
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                                               VAISHNAVI. V
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ROMANIAN LANGUAGE

                Romanian language

Romanian   is an Eastern Romance language spoken by approximately 24–26 million people^[as a native language, primarily in Romania and Moldova, and by another 4 million people as a second language.It has official status in Romania and the Republic of Moldova. In addition, it is also one of the official languages of the European Union.

Romanian is spoken mostly in Central and the Balkan region of Southern Europe. Romanian speakers account for 0.5% of the world's population and 4% of the Romance-speaking population of the world.

Romanian is the single official and national language in Romania and Moldova.In 1995, the largest Romanian-speaking community in the Middle East was found in Israel, where Romanian was spoken by 5% of the population. Romanian is also spoken as a second language by people from Arabic-speaking countries who have studied in Romania. Small Romanian-speaking communities are to be found in Kazakhstan and Russia. Romanian is also spoken within communities of Romanian and Moldovan .

Romanian is a Romance language, belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family, having much in common with languages such as French, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese.The Romanian vocabulary became predominantly influenced by French .

ROMANIAN LANGUAGE:

                                        

                                                                                                                                           By

                                                                                                                                         M.Vishali                                                                                                                               

                       

SWAHILI LANGUAGE

SWAHILI LANGUAGE

The name swahili is derived from from the arabic word 'sawahil '.It is also known as 'kiswahili'.It is a bantu language and  the first language of swahili people.The language was first written in AD 1711.The language was first spoken by arabian traders many centuries ago.It is also one of the easy languages to learn.It is spoken by 100 million people in Africa .So, its quite hard to ignore a language spoken by many. It is spoken in Tanzania, Burundi, Congo, Kenya, Mayotte, Mozambique, Oman, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, Uganda, UAE, USA.

For centuries swahili remained as the  language for the people of east African coast.The promotion of swahili language include it in education curriculum for higher institution of learning.After the end of colonization ,Kenya and Tanzania made kiswahili mandatory in primary and high schools.This is the main reason why swahili is known by almost everybody in those countries.Swahili is acutually a mixed of many languages and a few include German,Portuguese,English,French,Hindi and a few more popular languages due to contact with traders,slavers and colonial officials.This is spoken as first language by 5-10 million people and as second language by 80 million people .It is the official language in Kenya,Tanzania and Uganda.The first swahili newspaper was the ''HABARI YA MWEZI'' by missionaries in 1895.It is written in Latin script and arabic script.

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1813721033029

Mandarin chinese

MANDARIN CHINESE

Mandarin chinese is a group of related languages, of which Mandarin Chinese is the biggest. It's an official language in the People's Republic of China.It is spoken across most of the northern and southwestern China.

Number of native speakers of Mandarin Chinese language are 897 million population and number of non-native speakers are 193 million.It is also known as the most spoken language of the world with 1.09 billion population.Mandarin is written using Chinese characters.It is also eestimated that you need to learn 2,000-3,000 characters to read a newspaper. Mandarin language have four various tones.The language group includes the beijing dialect, the basis of standard mandarin or standard  chinese. Because Mandarin is originated in north china and most Mandarin dialects are found in the north, the group is sometimes referred to as the Northern dialects.The capital has been within the Mandarin area making these dialects very influential. Some form of Mandarin has served as a national language since the 14th century. In the early 20th century a standard form based on the Beijing dialect was adopted as the national language. Standard Chinese is the official laguage of the people's national language and taiwan and one of the four official language of singapore. It is used as one of the working languages of the United Nations.It is also one of the most frequently used varieties of Chinese among chinese communities internationally.

                                         
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Hindustani Language

           Hindustani Language is one of the top 3rd language in the world. It is almost spoken by 544 millionspeakers.Hindustani is a collective name of two dialect languages Hindi and Urdu. Historians beleive that Urdu is just an acronym for Hindustani Language which vanished with the growing time and has been just preserved in the form of wonderful literature.  Hindustani language was made popular by our Father of Nation,"Mahatma Gandhiji".  This is a mixed language without any grammar. Hindi should have been made the national language. But they chose not to make any language as national. The one which is referred as Hindustani here is actually Hindi because it is written in Hindi script and not in urdu. As for words, words keep keep adding in a language as time progresses. This does not alter the grammar of the language. Hence Hindustani is Hindi because Hindi vykaran is followed in writing Hindustani. Gandhiji was afraid of the term Hindi as he thought this is communal. Thus Hindi was not made the national language . Hindustani was written in Kaithi,Devanagiri and Urdu alphabets.  Hindustani is also spoken in the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council  where migrant workers from various countries live and work for several years.  Although, at the spoken level Hindi and Urdu are considered registers of a single language but they differ vastly in literary and formal vocabulary . Hindi and Urdu are not exactly the same language but the native speaker of one language can understand others as well. Most of the Indian's speaks neither pure Hindi nor pure Urdu but they speak mixture of these two languages which is only termed as Hindustani Language. Now-a-days with the increasing influence of English Language in our day to day life , Hindustani Language is also taking its new shape and started adopting words from English origin too instead of only Urdu & Hindi.Percentage of Hindustani speakers in Muslims is more than the percentage of Hindustani speakers in Hindus ,as Hindi is not spoken in large part of India. The script of both the language Hindi and Urdu is totally different. Hindi has devanagiri script while Urdu has persian script. 

                                          

                                Hindi is the national language of India.

                       Urdu is the national language of Pakistan.

                        Hindustani is just Hindi for “Indian”.

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