Malayalam Language

             Malayalam Language, member of the South Dravidian subgroup of the Dravidian Language family. Malayalam is spoken mainly in India, where it is the official language of the state of Kerala and the union territory of Lakshadweep.It is also spoken by bilingual communities in contiguous parts of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. In the early 21st century, Malayalam was spoken by more than 35 million people. Malayalam language has large vocabulary, with around 90,000 words listed in dictionary. It consists of number of words borrowed from Sanskrit and Proto-dravidian language. Arrival of European further enriched the Malayalam vocabulary with large absorbing numerous words and idioms from English, Portuguese, and Dutch etc. Most of the Malayalam words end with ‘am (ansvaram)’. When written in English, this is the only language that turns out to be a palindrome (a word that reads the same backward as forward).It is the 8^th most spoken language in India.The most circulated daily regional newspaper in India is in Malayalam. Kerala alone prints 170 daily papers, 235 weekly and over 550 monthly periodicals.Fourteen districts in Kerala have different dialects and people sometimes find it difficult to understand their own language due to these dialects.Malayalam has borrowed many words from other languages such  as Sanskrit ,Hindi  ,Urudu ,Arabic , Persian, Portuguese, Dutch,French and English. The majority of lexical borrowings come from Sanskrit, Tamil, and Urdu.Modern Malayalam is spoken by an estimated 35 million people around the world today, most of them located in India. India is an immense country that is home to many languages, most of them geographically concentrated in select regions or provinces.The beautiful Malayalam originated from the Classic Pure Tamil and Ancient Kerala was one of the three important Kingdoms of Ancient Tamilakam!

MALAYALAM SCRIPT

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Greek Language

         Greek Language, Indo-European language spoken primarily in Greece. Greek is almost spoken by 13.4 million native speakers. One thing that  is fascinating about the Greek language is that when you look at the Indo-European language chart, Greek stands on it’s own. Nearly every language in that family, whether it is Latin or Germanic, developed into other languages over time. For example, Spanish, French, and Italian, were derived from Latin.Greek is the national language of Greece, where it is spoken by about 10.7 million people, and the co-official language, along with Turkish of Cyprus, where it is spoken by 1.1 million people.The first known script for writing Greek was the syllabary Linear B deciphered in 1953 by Michael Ventris . It was used for writing Mycenaean an early form of Greek.Many modern scientific and technical words in English and other Western languages are derived from Greek. It has been estimated that over 10% of English vocabulary is of Greek origin.Many modern scientific and technical words in English and other Western languages are derived from Greek. With 182 characters when transliterated into English, Lopado­temacho­selacho­galeo­kranio­leipsano­drim­hypo­trimmato­silphio­parao­melito­katakechy­meno­kichl­epi­kossypho­phatto­perister­alektryon­opte­kephallio­kigklo­peleio­lagoio­siraio­baphe­tragano­pterygon is the longest Ancient Greek word. It is a fictional dish and was created by Aristophanes in his comedy assembly women.The word 'alphabet' is actually formed of 'alpha' and 'beta', the two first letters of the Greek alphabet.

GREEK ALPHABETS

ANCIENT GREEK LANGUAGE

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FRENCH LANGUAGE

FRENCH LANGUAGE: 

The French language (French: français, pronounced "Fronce-eh") is a Romance language that was first spoken in France.

It has also been one of the roots of other languages such as the Haitian Creole language.

It is an official or a main second language in 55 countries worldwide, and is reputed to be the foreign language which is most widely used in international communications, after English. Almost 300 million people speak French as their native language or as a second language. 

French is an official language in 29 countries across multiple different continents. French is also the 18th most natively spoken language in the world, 6th most spoken language by total number of speakers and the second most studied language worldwide (with about 120 million current learners).

French speakers will reach approximately 500 million in 2025 and 650 million by 2050.OIF estimates 700 million by 2050, 80% of whom will be in Africa.

French is written with the 26 letters of the basic Latin script, with four diacritics appearing on vowels (circumflex accent, acute accent, grave accent, diaeresis) and the cedilla appearing in "ç".

There are two ligatures, "œ" and "æ", but they are now often not used because of the layout of the most common keyboards used in French-speaking countries. Yet, they cannot be changed to "oe" and "ae" in formal and literary texts.

French grammar is the set of rules by which the French language creates statements, questions and commands. In many respects, it is quite similar to that of the other Romance languages.

French is a moderately inflected language. Nouns and most pronouns are inflected for number (singular or plural, though in most nouns the plural is pronounced the same as the singular even if spelled differently); adjectives, for number and gender (masculine or feminine) of their nouns; personal pronouns and a few other pronouns, for person, number, gender, and case; and verbs, for tense, aspect, mood, and the person and number of their subjects. Case is primarily marked using word order and prepositions, while certain verb features are marked using auxiliary verbs.

Articles used in french language:

The indefinite articles or “a/an” in English:

un (masculine)

une (feminine)

des (plural)

The definite articles or “the” in English:

le (masculine)

la (feminine)

les (plural)

The partitive articles or “some” in English:

du (masculine)

de la (feminine)

des (plural)

Punctuation used in french language: 

In France, the exclamation mark, question mark, semicolon, colon, percentage mark, currency symbols, hash, and guillemet all require a non-breaking space before and after the punctuation mark. Outside of France, this rule is often ignored. Computer software may aid or hinder the application of this rule, depending on the degree of localisation, as it is marked differently from most other Western punctuation.

                                                     

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MANDARIN CHINESE LANGUAGE

    MANDARIN CHINESE LANGUAGE

Mandari is a group of related varieties of Chinese spoken across most of northern and southwestern China. The group includes the Beijing dialect, the basis of Standard Mandarin or Standard Chinese . Because Mandarin originated in North China and most Mandarin dialects are found in the north, the group is sometimes referred to as the Northern dialects. Many local Mandarin varieties are not mutually intelligible. Nevertheless, Mandarin is often placed first in lists of languages by number of native speakers (with nearly a billion).

Most Mandarin varieties have four tones. The final stops of Middle Chinese have disappeared in most of these varieties, but some have merged them as a final glottal stop. Many Mandarin varieties, including the Beijing dialect, retain retroflex initial consonants, which have been lost in southern dialect groups.

In everyday English, "Mandarin" refers to Standard Chinese, which is often called simply "Chinese". Standard Chinese is based on the particular Mandarin dialect spoken in Beijing, with some lexical and syntactic influence from other Mandarin dialects. It is the official spoken language of the People's Republic of China , the de facto official language of the Republic of China, and one of the four official languages of the Republic of Singapore. It also functions as the language of instruction in Mainland China and in Taiwan. It is one of the six official languages of the United Nations, under the name "Chinese".      

                                        

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JAVANESE LANGUAGE

            JAVANESE LANGUAGE

Javanese  is the language of the javanese people  from the central and eastern parts of the island of java, in Indonesia. There are also pockets of Javanese speakers on the northern coast of western Java. It is the native language of more than 98 million people(more than 42% of the total population of Indonesia).

Javanese is one of the Austronesian languages, but it is not particularly close to other languages and is difficult to classify. Its closest relatives are the neighbouring languages such as Sundanese, Madurese and Balinese. Most speakers of Javanese also speak Indonesian, the standardized form of Malayspoken in Indonesia, for official and commercial purposes as well as a means to communicate with non-Javanese-speaking Indonesians.

There are speakers of Javanese in Malaysia and Singapore. Some people of Javanese descent in Suriname  speak a creole descendant of the language.

The language is spoken in yogyakarta , central , east java and , as well as on the north coast of west java . It is also spoken elsewhere by the Javanese people in other provinces of Indonesia, which are numerous due to the government-sanctioned transmigration program in the late 20th century, including Lampung , Jambi, and North Sumatra provinces.

                                     

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PERSIAN LANGUAGE

                     PERSIAN LANGUAGE

Persian  also known by its endonym farsi is one of the Western Iranian languages within the IndoIranian branch of the Indo-European language family. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan  and Tajikistan , Uzbekistan and some other regions which historically were Persianate societies and considered part of Greater Iran. It is written right to left in the Persian alphabet, a modified variant of the Arabic script, which itself evolved from the Aramaic alphabet.

The Persian language is classified as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of the Sasanian Empire, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenid Empire.Its grammar is similar to that of many contemporary European languages.A Persian-speaking person may be referred to as Persophone.

CLASSIFICATION:

Persian is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-European family. Other Western Iranian languages are the Kurdish languages, Gilaki, Mazanderani, Talysh, and Balochi. Persian is classified as a member of the Southwestern subgroup within Western Iranian along with Lari, Kumzari, and Luri.

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VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE

                        VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE

Vietnamese is an Austroasiatic language that originated in vietnam, where it is the national and official language. It is the native language of the vietnamese people, as well as a first or second language for the many ethnic minorities of vietnam. As a result of Vietnamese emigration and cultural influence, Vietnamese speakers are found throughout the world, notably in East and Southeast Asia, North America, Australia and Western Europe. Vietnamese has also been officially recognized as a minority language in the Czeh Republic.

Vietnamese is increasingly being taught in schools and institutions outside of Vietnam. In countries with strongly established Vietnamese-speaking communities such as Australia, Canada, France, and the United States, Vietnamese language education largely serves as a cultural role to link descendants of Vietnamese immigrants to their ancestral culture. Meanwhile, in countries near Vietnam such as Cambodia, Laos, South Korea, and Thailand, the increased role of Vietnamese in foreign language education is largely due to the growth and influence of Vietnam's economy.

TONES:

Each Vietnamese syllable is pronounced with an inherent tone centered on the main vowel or group of vowels. Tones differ in:

• length (duration)
• pitch control (i.e. pitch melody)
• pitch height
• phonation
  

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